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Nationalism in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, formerly known as Ceylon under British rule until 14, is a small country with a devastating ethnic conflict. The peopling of Sri Lanka has been a continuous process of migrants from India with indigenous and other earlier migrant groups. The Sinhala or Sinhalese (74%) constitute the major ethnic group; the Sri Lankan Tamils, who inhabit the north and east form 1.6% and the group known as Indian Tamils (1th century migrants for work on plantations) 5.6% of the population. While Muslims constitute the third largest ethnic group (7.4%), there are also small minorities such as Burghers (people of mixed decent), and Malays. In spite of this, each ethnic group today has a distinct identity with strongly held myths of origin; the Sinhala believe that they are Aryans from Bengal, the Tamils claim pure Dravidian origin, and the Muslims aspire to decent from Arabs.
Sri Lanka experienced a peaceful change from colonial rule to independence in 14. Colonization had established an English-speaking group that represented both ethnic groups. However, Sinhalese nationalism began to dominate the political climate of the country in the 150s. Bandaranaike, SLFP, was elected to power in 156 on the Sinhala-Only campaign and soon Sinhalese became the sole official language of the country.
Religion also played a dominant ideological role in ethnic consolidation. Buddhism, introduced from India in the third century BC, became the religion of the Sinhala as well as the state religion. Hinduism remained the religion of the Tamils. Apart from the conversion of a section of both Sinhalese and Tamils to Christianity during the colonial period, the congruence between Sinhala and Buddhist on the one hand, and Tamil and Hindu on the other, was total. Disrimination against the Tamil population continued throughout the 160s as Buddhism was realized as the major religion to be used under Mrs. Bandaranaike, wife of Mr. Bandaranaike, who was assassinated by Tamil Rebels. The new Republican Constitution of 17 read as follows The Republic of Sri Lanka shall give to Buddhism the foremost place and accordingly it shall he the duty of the state to protect and foster Buddhism while assuring to all religions the rights guaranteed by section 18.
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During this time, the number of Tamils employed by the state and admitted into institutions of higher learning was greatly restricted. The Tamils responded to this oppression through political demands and non-violent protest movements. However, the 170s gave rise to an increasing trend in Tamil separatism and militancy. The demand for a separate state was put forth by the Tamil United Liberation Front in 176 and by 178, several militant youth groups had fractionated off to form the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, known as the Tamil Tigers. Major outbreaks of violence occurred in 177 and 181. The violence escalated into riots throughout the country in 18, which is considered as the beginning of the modern civil war in Sri Lanka.
Fighting between the LTTE, and the Sri Lankan Army has continued for the past 18 years, with countless human rights abuses committed by both sides. Efforts to have peace have been hopeless throughout the war. India played a major role in brokering the Indo-Lanka Peace Accord in July 187. The Indian Peace Keeping Force attempted to take control of security in the north-east region for the next three years. But the result of this agreement was violent conflict between the IPKF and the LTTE, and the IPKF was withdrawn in 10 under the pressure of the new president, Ranasinghe Premadasa.
Chandrika Kumaratunga was elected president in 14 with the People’s Alliance Party (PA) and a ceasefire was declared and peace talks finally began in January 15. The negotiations were destroyed after three months, when the violence again resumed. Since then, the government has attempted to weaken the LTTE through continued war, while at the same time planning to put power into regional sections throughout the country. This policy is called “WAR FOR PEACE”.
The situation in Sri Lanka shows a country with two different nations who has a different goal and situation of their own. From 18 to 14, over 50,000 lives had been lost. Damages to physical and social structure have embodied serious economic challenges to the entire country, but particularly in those regions in the northeast that are most afflicted by the war. The linkage between ethnic and religious nationalism in Sri Lanka has resulted to problems in their political life too. All governments since independence have had to deal with defining the relationship between the state and religion, known as nationalism.
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