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The challenges in Christianity in the 15th century were the most significant in its history. The challenge of the Protestant Reformation and the response of the Catholic Church through the Counter-Reformation shattered the religious unity of Europe.
The society of the late Medieval Period leading up to the end of the 15th century was one in which was fearful and superstitious. The Black Death, which killed millions of people in Europe, had a deep impact on the Christian beliefs. Many people believed that the plague was cause by God who was angry with the people for their sins that the plague was a way for God to punish them for their sins. Also a vast number of priests died ministering the sick. To replace the priests many were ordained without preparation. Therefore many trained priests greedily ask for wages for their services. As a result corruption became widespread throughout the church.
Also the society of the late Medieval Period had a disillusioned with the papacy due to corruption and the western Schism. With the papacy the Pope was accepted to be the most powerful person within society, even more powerful then the emperor himself. There were many factors that led to the weakening of the papacy, such as the practices of Indulgences. Because of this the church was rich and often did not follow the true values of the church. As a result of this, conflicts between society and the church were high.
Society was trapped in a cycle of sin that was costly due to Indulgences. Indulgence was a way for the church to gain money through the people. The church would sell statement to the people in order for them to gain access into heaven. All their sins will be forgiven and they would not need to confess their sins o the church. The church made an amount of money selling the Indulgence because people at that time only followed what the church said.
Not everyone believed in the selling of Indulgence. Martin Luther believed that the only way to redeem is to follow in Jesus’ teaching, believing in God and knowing that God will always forgive us.
The Renaissance, an age of new thinking, people began to question some of the traditional values and of the church teaching. Merchants did not see why vast amounts of money were being sent to Rome. People began to challenge the right of the church to interpret the scripture. They wanted the bible in their own national languages so they could read it themselves.
Martin Luther was one of many to challenge the church. He was a monk who was obsessed with his own sinfulness and was concern about the state of the church. Luther’s inspiration to the challenge the church came from St. Paul’s letter to the Romans. ‘he Justifies the one who has faith in Jesus’ Rome -6. Luther printed a list of arguments against the selling of indulgences (5 these).
Some of the arguments in the 5 these was that the Pope and the church were not the link between God and people, the bible provided that link. That the only way to get to heaven was through obeying the bible not fasting, honoring holy helices or paying money. Martin Luther believed that Indulgence was sinful because God was the only one who could forgive sin that Christians who are sorry for their sin will be forgiven. A letter of pardon will not bring forgiveness.
Luther believed in his own path to salvation, through Faith, Grace and Scripture Alone. Faith alone is to believe in God and to have faith in Jesus teaching. Grace alone is the free gift from God, the gift of forgiveness. Scripture alone is to rejects Catholic practices and the authority of the bishops and the councils. Only believed what is in the bible.
Luther challenges every existence of the Catholic Church. He believed that Popes, bishops and Priests are all unnecessary that the people can be their own priest by reading the bible themselves. Luther’s message was well received by the people, especially those frustrated and was disillusioned with the Catholic Church. As a result Luther starts the Protestant Reformation and divides Europe.
In response to Luther’s challenge the council of Trent was called in to Counter-Reformation. There were three sessions of the council of Trent between 1545-156 due to the fighting within Europe. There were two goals of the Council of Trent. One was to clear unified Catholic Doctrine Disciplinary reforms. The second goal was to re-write Catholics and Protestants.
The Council of Trent cleans up abuses such as Nepotism, which clergy must live in their diocese. Real presence in the Eucharist was re-affirmed, clarified Purgatory and the importance of prayer for the dead. Seven sacraments were defined. Marriage laws were tightened and dissolution of marriage deemed invalid. Defined Catholic Doctrine in response to Luther’s theology, that faith and good work are both necessary for salvation.
The Jesuits were high-educated order of priests who became teachers of wealthy and powerful people in Europe. The Jesuits were a great missionary order that goes out and converting non-catholic into Catholics. Through the Jesuit, schools and universities were set-up. As a result Catholic was won back through the Jesuit’s education.
Three good reforming Popes, Pivs V, Gregory XIII and Sxtus V also contributed to the success of the Counter-Reformation. They led by example.
Because of the success of the Counter-Reformation the church was One, Catholic and Apostolic church. The church has clear doctrines that everywhere around the world masses are the same. The church is morally good, separated from society. The church is universal that Catholics are spread throughout the world. It maintains the traditions and values dating back to the apostles.
Within the church it increased level of training more priests. The church has a clear definition unifying Doctrine of Faith and Discipline. Clean up the abuses and the selling of Indulgence was reformed and regulated. The church itself was now heavily regulated. Rules governed all aspects of the lives of Catholics and their clergy.
The Counter-Reformation was the Catholic Church building walls around itself in order to fortify itself against Protestantism. In term of relationship with society, you were either Catholic or a Protestant. People would know who were Catholics and who was not, because of the way they act, Catholic behaved a particular way. The lasting effect of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation is the religious division throughout the world. Some countries remained Catholic such as Spain and Italy whilst other countries such as England and Switzerland became Protestant.
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